Lymph node aspiration and biopsy

A lymph node aspiration is a type of biopsy procedure. These procedures are used to detect cancer cells in lymph nodes. 

The tissue sample that can be obtained from the lymph node through a fine needle aspiration is usually not sufficient for the hematopathologist to make a conclusive diagnosis. To ensure there is enough tissue to make an accurate diagnosis, the biopsy may be done with a larger needle (a core needle biopsy), or a surgeon may cut through the skin to remove either a small area of tissue (an incisional biopsy) or the entire lymph node (an excisional biopsy). The decision about which type of biopsy to use is based on the location of the lymph node.

How is a lymph node aspiration or biopsy done?

The tests are usually done in an operating room at a hospital or in an outpatient facility. First, the doctor cleans the skin over the biopsy site and then numbs the area to be biopsied (local anesthesia) as you lie on the exam table.  You may be given a mild sedative. Occasionally, patients are given a general anesthetic instead of a local one.  

For an aspiration, if the lymph node cannot be felt, an ultrasound may be used to guide the needle to the correct location. A thin needle is inserted through the skin. A vacuum is created in the needle and a small section of tissue is aspirated (suctioned) into the needle. For an incisional or excisional biopsy, the surgeon makes a small incision to remove part or all of the enlarged lymph node. Once the tissue sample is removed, they close the opening with stitches. There's usually little or no scarring.  

Learn more about the blood, bone marrow, and the lymphatic system. 

View the interactive 3D model to help you visualize and better understand the procedure. Click or tap the "Interact in 3D" button to begin.

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What do the results mean?  

A lymph node aspiration or biopsy can identify cancer cells in lymph nodes and confirm a lymphoma diagnosis. The results can also determine how aggressive the cancer is.     

Since treatment differs for various types of lymphoma, a precise diagnosis is needed, and a second opinion from a pathologist or hematopathologist may be needed to make the correct diagnosis.    

Learn more about making treatment decisions.